Everything about Warsaw totally explained
Districts
Warsaw is a
powiat (
county), and is further divided into 18 boroughs, each one known as a
dzielnica (
map
), each one with its own administrative body. Each of the boroughs includes several neighbourhoods which have no legal or administrative status. The best known neighbourhoods are the
Old Town (
Stare Miasto) and
New Town (
Nowe Miasto) in the borough of
Śródmieście.
| District |
Population |
Area |
| Mokotów |
226,911 |
|
| Praga Południe |
185,077 |
|
| Ursynów |
143,935 |
|
| Wola |
142,025 |
|
| Bielany |
135,307 |
|
| Śródmieście |
134,306 |
|
| Targówek |
122,872 |
|
| Bemowo |
107,197 |
|
| Ochota |
91,643 |
|
| Białołęka |
76,999 |
|
| Praga Północ |
73,207 |
|
| Wawer |
66,094 |
|
| Żoliborz |
49,275 |
|
| Ursus |
47,285 |
|
| Włochy |
39,778 |
|
| Rembertów |
22,688 |
|
| Wesoła |
20,749 |
|
| Wilanów |
15,188 |
|
| Total |
1,700,536 |
|
History
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The first fortified settlements on the site of today's Warsaw were
Bródno (9th/10th century) and
Jazdów (12th/13th century). After Jazdów was raided, a new similar settlement was established on the site of a small fishing village called Warszowa. In the beginning of the 14th century it became one of the seats of the
Dukes of Masovia, becoming the capital of Masovia in 1413. Upon the extinction of the local ducal line, the duchy was reincorporated into the
Polish Crown in 1526. In 1529 Warsaw for the first time became the seat of the
General Sejm, permanent since 1569. In 1573 Warsaw gave its name to the
Warsaw Confederation, formally establishing religious freedom in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
Due to its central location between the
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth's capitals of
Kraków and
Vilnius, Warsaw became the capital of the Commonwealth and at the same time of the
Polish Crown in 1596, when King
Sigismund III Vasa moved the court from
Kraków. Warsaw remained the capital of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth until 1795, when it was annexed by the
Kingdom of Prussia to become the capital of the province of
South Prussia. Liberated by
Napoleon's army in 1807, Warsaw was made the capital of the newly created
Duchy of Warsaw. Following the
Congress of Vienna of 1815, Warsaw became the centre of the
Congress Poland, a constitutional monarchy under a personal union with
Imperial Russia. The Royal University of Warsaw was established in 1816.
Following the repeated violations of the Polish constitution by the
Russians, the 1830
November Uprising broke out. However, the Polish-Russian war of 1831 ended in the uprising's defeat and in the curtailment of the Kingdom's autonomy. On
27 February 1861 a Warsaw crowd protesting the Russian rule over Poland was fired upon by the Russian troops. Five people were killed. The Underground
Polish National Government resided in Warsaw during
January Uprising in 1863–4.
Warsaw flourished in the late nineteenth century under Mayor
Sokrates Starynkiewicz (1875–92), a Russian-born general appointed by Tsar
Alexander III. Under Starynkiewicz Warsaw saw its first water and sewer systems designed and built by the English engineer
William Lindley and his son,
William Heerlein Lindley, as well as the expansion and modernization of
trams,
street lighting and
gas works.
Warsaw became the capital of the newly independent
Poland in 1918. In the course of the
Polish-Bolshevik War of 1920, the huge
Battle of Warsaw was fought on the Eastern outskirts of the city in which the capital was successfully defended and the
Red Army defeated.
During the
Second World War central Poland, including Warsaw, came under the rule of the
General Government, a
Nazi colonial administration. All higher education institutions were immediately closed and Warsaw's entire Jewish population — several hundred thousand, some 30% of the city — herded into the
Warsaw Ghetto. When the order came to annihilate the Ghetto as part of
Hitler's "
final solution" on April 19, 1943, Jewish fighters launched the
Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. Despite being heavily outgunned and outnumbered, the Ghetto held out for almost a month. When the fighting ended, almost all survivors were massacred, only few managed to escape or hide.
By July 1944 the
Red Army was deep into Polish territory pursuing the Germans toward Warsaw. Knowing that
Stalin was hostile to the idea of an independent Poland, the
Polish government-in-exile based in
London gave orders to the underground
Home Army (AK) to try to seize the control of Warsaw from the
Nazis just before the
Red Army's arrival. Thus, on
1 August 1944, as the Soviet army was nearing the city very fast, the
Home Army and the civilian population started the
Warsaw Uprising. The armed struggle, planned to last 48 hours, went on for 63 days, and eventually the Home Army fighters were forced to capitulate. They were transported to the
POW camps in Germany, while the entire civilian population was expelled. Hitler, ignoring the agreed terms of the capitulation, ordered the entire city to be razed to the ground, and the library and museum collections taken to Germany or burned. About 85% of the city had been destroyed, including the historic Old Town and the Royal Castle. After the war, large
prefabricated housing projects were erected in Warsaw to address the housing shortage. The city resumed its role as the capital of Poland and the country's centre of political and economic life. Many of the historic streets, buildings, and churches were restored to their original form. In 1980 Warsaw's historic Old Town was inscribed onto
UNESCO's
World Heritage list.
In 1995 the
Warsaw Metro opened, and with the entry of Poland into the
European Union in 2004, Warsaw is currently experiencing the biggest economic boom of its history. The opening match of the
UEFA Euro 2012 is scheduled to take place in Warsaw.
Image:Warsaw after 1573.jpg|1573
Image:View of Warsaw near the end of the 16th century.jpg|1617
Image:Warsaw1656.JPG|1656
Image:warszawa5.jpg|1770
Demographics
Warsaw has historically been a destination of internal and foreign immigration, especially from Eastern Europe. For nearly 300 years it was known as the "New Paris". Demographically it was the most diverse city in Poland, with as much as 20% of its population being either Jewish Poles or foreign born. World War II changed all of this, and to this day there's much less ethnic diversity than in the previous 300 years of the city's history. Most of the modern day population growth is based on internal migration and urbanization.
- 1700: 30,000 (est.)
- 1792: 120,000
- 1800: 63,400
- 1830: 139,700
- 1850: 163,600
- 1882: 383,000
- 1900: 686,000
- 1925: 1,003,000
- 1939: 1,300,000
|
1945: 422,000 (September)
1950: 803,800
1960: 1,136,000
1970: 1,315,600
1980: 1,596,100
1990: 1,655,700
2000: 1,672,400
2002: 1,688,200
2006: 1,702,100
|
Municipal government
The mayor (the President of Warsaw)
According to the
Warsaw Act (
Ustawa warszawska) of
October 27,
2002, the President of Warsaw carries out the executive duties in the city. The president's prerogative is, among others, governing the city-owned property that constitutes a major part of the city. The current President of Warsaw is
Hanna Gronkiewicz-Waltz.
Municipal government
The
Warsaw Act abolished all the former counties around Warsaw and formed one
city powiat with a unified municipal government.
Legislative power in Warsaw is vested in a
unicameral Warsaw City Council (
Rada Miasta), which comprises 60 members. Council members are elected directly every four years. Like most legislative bodies, the City Council divides itself into committees which have the oversight of various functions of the city government. Bills passed by a simple majority are sent to the mayor (the President of Warsaw), who. may sign them into law. If the mayor vetoes a bill, the Council has 30 days to override the veto by a two-thirds majority vote.
Each of the 18 separate city districts has its own council (
Rada dzielnicy). Their duties are focused on aiding the President and the City Council, as well as supervising various municipal companies, city-owned property and schools. The head of each of the District Councils is named the Mayor (
Burmistrz) and is elected by the local council from the candidates proposed by the President of Warsaw.
Politics
As the capital of Poland, Warsaw is the political centre of the country. All state agencies are located there, including the
Polish Parliament, the
Presidential Office and the Supreme Court. In the
Polish parliament the city and the area are represented by 31
MPs (out of 460). Additionally, Warsaw elects two
MEPs.
Transport
Although many streets were widened, and new ones created, during rebuilding of Warsaw in 1950s, the city is currently plagued with traffic problems.. Public transport in Warsaw is ubiquitous, serving the city with
buses,
tramways, and
metro.
Roads and highways
Warsaw lacks a good circular road system and most traffic goes directly through the city centre. Currently two circular roads are under consideration. The first (called OEW, or
Obwodnica Etapowa Warszawy) is planned to run approximately from the city centre through the city streets and across two new bridges. The other is planned to become a part of both the
A-2 motorway (itself a part of the
European route E30 from
Berlin to
Moscow) and the S-7 (
Gdańsk–
Kraków) express road, and will run through a tunnel under the southern area of
Ursynów. It is to be completed between 2010 and 2012.
Airports
Warsaw has one airport,
Warsaw Frederic Chopin Airport (usually referred to as
Okęcie airport), located just from the city centre. With over 70 international and domestic flights a day and with over 8,270,000 passengers served in 2006, it's by far the biggest airport in Poland. Immediately adjacent to the main terminal complex
Terminal 1, is the
Etiuda terminal, serving routes flown by low-cost carriers. Domestic flights operate from a domestic terminal, adjoining Terminal 1. A new
Terminal 2 has been opened in March 2008 in order to alleviate current overcrowding, and to extend the airport's capacity by another 6 million passengers.
There are plans to convert disused military
Modlin Airport, north of the city centre, into the second Warsaw airport, mainly for low-cost carriers. It won't be ready for use before 2010 at the earliest.
There also are long-term plans to build an entirely new international airport. Its location hasn't yet been decided.
Public transport
Public transport in Warsaw includes,
buses,
trams (
streetcars),
metro and
regional rail. The first three are operated by the
ZTM (
Zarząd Transportu Miejskiego, the Warsaw Transport Authority). There are also some suburban bus lines run by private operators.
There are three tourist routes: "T", a vintage tram running in July and August; bus "100" which runs on weekends and which operates the only double-decker bus owned by the city; and the "180" bus, a regular scheduled service that follows the "Royal Route" from the War Cemetery in the North, near the Old Town and down city's most prestigious thoroughfares – Krakowskie Przedmiescie, Nowy Swiat and Aleje Ujazdowskie – and terminating at
Wilanów Palace.
Buses
Bus service covers the entire city, with approx. 170 routes totalling about in length, and with some 1,600 vehicles. Between midnight and 5 am the city and suburbs are served by night lines.
Trams
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The first
tram (streetcar) line in Warsaw was opened on
11 December 1866. The last horse-drawn tram run on
26 March 1908. In the period between the world wars, the tram network was nationalized and extended significantly. After the
German invasion of September 1939 the service was halted for approximately three months due to war damage, but the trams were back in service by 1940. In 1941 the present colours of the cars were introduced (yellow and red, in the colours of the
Flag of Warsaw. Previously, trams were painted either white and red, or entirely red).
During the
Warsaw Uprising the tram system was destroyed. The first tram line was reopened on
20 June 1945. Following the
Second World War the tram network in Warsaw underwent fast development. The tracks reached all the principal parts of the city. However, in the
sixties the official policy of both Polish and
Soviet authorities promoted the use of Soviet oil, hence more buses were purchased and the tram network was shortened.
Currently the
Tramwaje Warszawskie company runs 863 cars on almost of track. Twenty-odd lines run across the city with additional lines opened on special occasions (such as
All-Saints Day).
Metro
See also Warsaw Trolleybuses for the history of this type of transport. Trolleybuses no longer operate in Warsaw.
Railway
The first railway opened in Warsaw in 1845 (the
Warsaw-Vienna Railway). Nowadays Warsaw is one of the main railway hubs in Poland.
The main railway station is
Warszawa Centralna serving both domestic traffic to almost every major city in Poland, and international connections mainly to Germany, Czech Republic and former Soviet Union countries. There are also 5 other major railway stations and a number of smaller suburban stations.
The
main railway line crosses the city in a tunnel (
tunel średnicowy) approximately long and running directly under the city centre. It is part of an east-west line connecting the
Warszawa Zachodnia,
Warszawa Centralna and
Warszawa Wschodnia stations through the tunnel and a railway bridge over the
Vistula River.
The principal railway stations are:
Warszawa Centralna and Warszawa Śródmieście
Warszawa Gdańska
Warszawa Wileńska
Warszawa Zachodnia
Warszawa Wschodnia
Sports
Football
Legia Warszawa — men's football team (est. 1916), (Polish Champion: 1955, 1956, 1969, 1970, 1993,1994, 1995, 2002, 2006; Polish Cup winner: 1955, 1956, 1964, 1966, 1973, 1980, 1981, 1989, 1990, 1995, 1995, 1997; Polish SuperCup winner: 1989, 1994, 1997; 1st league in 2006/2007 season)
Polonia Warszawa — men's football team (est. 1911), (Polish Champion: 1946, 2000; Polish Cup winner: 1952, 2001; Polish SuperCup winner: 2000; 2nd league in 2006/2007 season)
Basketball
Polonia Warbud Warszawa - men's basketball team, 3rd in Era Basket Liga in 2003/2004 season.
Legia Warszawa (basketball) - basketball team
Volleyball
Handball
Warszawianka - handball
AZS AWF Warszawa - handball
Culture
Theatre in the past
From 1833 to the outbreak of World War II, Plac Teatralny (Theatre Square) was the country's cultural hub and home to the various theatres.
The main building housed the Teatr Wielki from 1833–4, the Rozmaitości Theatre from 1836 to 1924 and then the National Theatre, the Reduta Theatre from 1919 to 1924, and from 1928 to 1939 — the Nowy Theatre, which staged productions of contemporary poetical drama, including those directed by Leon Schiller.
Nearby, in Ogród Saski (Saxon Garden), the Summer Theatre was in operation from 1870 to 1939, and in the inter-war period, the theatre complex also included Momus, Warsaw's first literary cabaret, and Leon Schiller's musical theatre Melodram. The Wojciech Bogusławski Theatre (1922–6), was the best example of "Polish monumental theatre". From the mid-1930s, the Teatr Wielki building housed the State Institute of Dramatic Arts — the first state-run academy of dramatic art, with an Acting Department and a Stage Directing Department.
Plac Teatralny and its environs was the venue for numerous parades, celebrations of state holidays, carnival balls, and concerts.
Theatre
Warsaw is home to over 30 major theatres spread throughout the city, including the National Theatre (founded in 1765) and the Grand Theatre in Warsaw (established 1778).
Warsaw also attracts many young and off-stream directors and performers who add to the city's theatre culture. Their productions may be viewed mostly in smaller theatres and Houses of Culture (Domy Kultury), mostly outside Śródmieście (downtown Warsaw).
Warsaw hosts the International Theatrical Meetings.
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Music
Thanks to numerous musical venues, including the Teatr Wielki, the Polish National Opera, the Chamber Opera, the National Philharmonic Hall and the National Theatre, as well as the Roma and Buffo music theatres and the Congress Hall in the Palace of Culture and Science, Warsaw hosts many events and festivals. Among the events worth particular attention are: the International Frederick Chopin Piano Competition, the International Contemporary Music Festival Warsaw Autumn, the Jazz Jamboree, Warsaw Summer Jazz Days, the International Stanisław Moniuszko Vocal Competition, the Mozart Festival, and the Festival of Old Music.
Museums and art galleries
There are many museums and art galleries in Warsaw, the most notable are:
National Museum - Muzeum Narodowe
Zachęta Art Gallery - Zachęta Narodowa Galeria Sztuki
Centre for Contemporary Art - Centrum Sztuki Współczesnej
Museum of the Polish Army - Muzeum Wojska Polskiego
Royal Castle - Zamek Królewski
Warsaw Uprising Museum - Muzeum Powstania Warszawskiego
Fryderyk Chopin Museum - Muzeum Fryderyka Chopina
Film
Since World War II Warsaw has been the second most important centre of film production in Poland. It has also been featured in numerous movies, both Polish and foreign, for example
Kanał and Korczak by Andrzej Wajda
Eroica by Andrzej Munk
The Decalogue by Krzysztof Kieślowski
Miś by Stanisław Bareja
The Pianist by Roman Polański
Education
» For a full list of Warsaw-based institutions of higher education see: Education in Warsaw
Warsaw is one of the most important education centres of Poland. It is home to four major universities and over 62 smaller schools of higher education. The most important are:
University of Warsaw (Uniwersytet Warszawski)
Warsaw University of Technology (Politechnika Warszawska)
Warsaw School of Economics (Szkoła Główna Handlowa)
Warsaw University of Life Science (Szkoła Główna Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego)
Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University (Uniwersytet Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego)
Medical University of Warsaw (Warszawski Uniwersytet Medyczny)
Military University of Technology (Wojskowa Akademia Techniczna)
Academy of National Defence (Akademia Obrony Narodowej)
Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw (Akademia Wychowania Fizycznego w Warszawie)
Fryderyk Chopin Academy of Music (Akademia Muzyczna im. Fryderyka Chopina)
The Aleksander Zelwerowicz State Theatre Academy (Akademia Teatralna im. Aleksandra Zelwerowicza)
The overall number of students of all grades of education in Warsaw is almost 500,000 (29% of the city population; 2002). The number of university students is over 255,000.
Economy
In 2007 Warsaw was ranked the 67th world's most expensive city to live in. It was classified as a gamma world city (also known as a 'minor world city') on par with cities such as Rome and Beijing by Globalization and World Cities (GaWC) Study Group and Network from Loughborough University.
Business and commerce
Warsaw, especially its city centre (Śródmieście), is home not only to many national institutions and government agencies, but also to many domestic and international companies. In 2003, 268,307 companies were registered in the city. Foreign investors' financial participation in the city's development was estimated in 2002 at over 650 million euro. Warsaw produces 13.3% of Poland's national income which per capita is estimated at around 290 % of Polish average. The nominal GDP (PPP) per capita in Warsaw was about $28,000 in 2005 and $ 38,000 in 2007.
At the same time the unemployment rate is one of the lowest in Poland, not exceeding 3%, according to the official figures.
The city itself collects around 8,740,882,000 złotys in taxes and direct government grants.
It has been said that Warsaw, together with Frankfurt, London and Paris, is one of the tallest cities in Europe. 11 of the tallest skyscrapers in Poland, 9 of which are office buildings, are located in Warsaw. The tallest structure, the centrally located Palace of Culture and Science, is the 4th tallest building in the European Union.
Warsaw hosts the headquarters of Frontex, the EU's border control agency.
Although Warsaw was home to a stock exchange from 1817, because of political changes after World War II, it couldn't be reopened after 1945. The WSE only started operating again in April 1991, after the reintroduction of the free-market economy. It is now the biggest stock exchange in the country, with more than 300 companies listed. Ironically enough, from 1991 until 2000 the stock exchange was located in the building previously used as the headquarters of the PZPR (Polish Communist Party). The capitalization of the exchange was US$440.92 billion (as at 28 December 2007).
Industry
During Warsaw's reconstruction after World War II, the communist authorities decided that the city would become a major industrial centre. Numerous large factories were built in the city or just outside it. The largest were the Huta Warszawa Steel Works and two car factories.
As the communist economy deteriorated, these factories lost significance and most went bankrupt after 1989. Today, the Arcelor Warszawa Steel Mill (formerly Huta Warszawa) is the only major factory remaining. The FSO car factory produces cars mostly for export.
Tourist attractions
Although today's Warsaw is a fairly young city, it has a lot of tourist attractions. Apart from the Warsaw Old Town quarter, carefully reconstructed after World War 2, each borough has something to offer. Among the most notable landmarks of the Old Town are the Royal Castle, King Sigismund's Column, Market Square, and the Barbican.
Further south is the so-called Royal Route, with many classicist palaces, the Presidential Palace and the Warsaw University campus. Also the popular Nowy Świat Street is worth mentioning.
Warsaw's oldest public park, the Ogród Saski, is located within 10 minutes' walk from the old town.
Warsaw's biggest public park and said to be the most beautiful is the Łazienki Park. It is also very old — established in the 17th century and given its current classical shape in late 18th century — is located further south, on the Royal Route, about 3 km from the Warsaw Old Town
The Powązki Cemetery is one of the oldest cemeteries in Europe, full of sculptures, some of them by the most renowned Polish artists of the 19th and 20th centuries. Since it serves the religious communities of Warsaw, be it Catholics, Jews, Muslims or Protestants, it's often called a necropolis. Nearby is the Okopowa Street Jewish Cemetery, one of the largest Jewish cemeteries in Europe.
To the north of the city centre is the site of the former Warsaw Ghetto.
The borough of Żoliborz is famous for its architecture from the 1920s and 1930s. Between Żoliborz and the Vistula River is the Warsaw Citadel, a monument of 19th century military architecture.
Former royal residence of king Jan III Sobieski — Wilanów Palace is notable for their baroque architecture and beautiful parks.
Notable examples of contemporary architecture include the Palace of Culture and Science, a Soc-realist skyscraper located in the city centre, the Stadion Dziesięciolecia which used to be the biggest open-air market in Europe and the Plac Konstytucji with its monumental Social realism architecture. The central part of the right-bank (east) Praga borough it's a place where very run-down houses stand right next to modern apartment buildings and shopping malls.
Ulica Kubusia Puchatka, probably the only street in the world named after Winnie-the-Pooh and located in the very centre of a metropolis.
The modern architecture in Warsaw is represented by:
Planned:
Planned reconstructions:
Image:4 Warszawa-Lazienki Krolewskie 107.jpg|Fryderyk Chopin monument
Image:Warsaw7kf.jpg|Skyscrapers of Warsaw
Image:Warszawawr9.jpg|Saxon Garden
Image:VarsaviaPiazzaMercatoCittàNuovaLatoEst.jpg|St. Kazimierz Church
Warsaw in rankings
Largest cities of the European Union - ranked 8th
Most expensive cities - ranked 62nd out of 144
Best cities in terms of quality of living - ranked 86th out of 100
Best cities in terms of health and sanitation - ranked 100th out of 215
Sister Cities
| — Astana, Kazakhstan (2002)
— Berlin, Germany (1991)
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— Helsinki, Finland (2002)
— Narvik, Norway (2005)
— Tirana, Albania (2005)
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— Budapest, Hungary (2005)
— Kotowsk, Ukraine (2005)
— Teheran, Iran (2005)
— Norrkoping, Sweden (2002)
— Tbilisi, Georgia (2005)
— Dublin, Ireland (1957)
— Chicago, United States (1960)
— Coventry, United Kingdom (1957)
— Bergen, Norway (1957)
— Havana, Cuba (1957)
— Düsseldorf, Germany (1989)
— Odessa, Ukraine (1989)
— Goteborg, Sweden (2002)
— Grozny, Russia (1997)
— The Hague, Netherlands (1991)
— Hamamatsu, Japan (1990)
— Hanoi, Vietnam (2000)
— Bangkok, Thailand (2000)
— Thimphu, Bhutan (2000)
— Beograd, Serbia (1994)
— Delhi, India (2002)
— Porto, Portugal (2000)
— Harbin, China (1993)
— Bruges, Belgium (1994)
— Glasgow, UK (1990)
— Île-de-France, France (1990)
— Istanbul, Turkey (1991)
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— Kyiv, Ukraine (1994)
— Pretoria, RSA (2002)
— Sochi, Russia (1976)
— Pag, Croatia (2007)
— Bilbao, Spain (2000)
— Moscow, Russia (1993)
— Montevideo, Uruguay (2002)
— Sydney, Australia (2002)
— Kotka, Finland (2001)
— Valetta, Malta (1993)
— Oslo, Norway (2005)
— Aalborg, Denmark (2000)
— Katmandu, Nepal (1993)
— Al Manama, Bahrain (2002)
— Paris, France (1999)
— Zagreb, Croatia (2000)
— Riga, Latvia (2002)
— Torino, Italy (1970)
— Saint-Étienne, France (1995)
— Seoul, South Korea (1996)
— St. Petersburg, Russia (1997)
— Taipei, Taiwan (1995)
— Tel Aviv, Israel (1992)
— Toronto, Canada (1990)
— Cairo, Egypt (1999)
— Tallinn, Estonia (2007)
— Vienna, Austria (2001)
— Linz, Austria (2004)
— Vilnius, Lithuania (1998)
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Famous people
Miscellanea
Every member of the Queen's Royal Hussars of the United Kingdom light cavalry wears the Maid of Warsaw, the crest of the City of Warsaw, on the left sleeve of his No. 2 (Service) Dress.
Members of 651 Squadron Army Air Corps of the United Kingdom also wear the Maid of Warsaw, the crest of the City of Warsaw, on the left sleeve of their No. 2 (Service) Dress.
In August 2007, a band from Norway, Superfamily, recorded a song 'Warszawa', with video shot in the city's notable places
Leo Gerstenzang invented cotton swabs in Warsaw.
The Miss World 2006 competition took place in Warsaw, in the Palace of Culture and Science, Congress Hall.
The mermaid, or syrenka, is the symbol of Warsaw. This symbol can be found on the coat of arms of Warsaw and on statues throughout the city.Further Information
Get more info on 'Warsaw'.
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